Module java.base
Package java.time

Class Period

  • All Implemented Interfaces:
    Serializable, ChronoPeriod, TemporalAmount

    public final class Period
extends Object
implements ChronoPeriod, Serializable
    A date-based amount of time in the ISO-8601 calendar system, such as '2 years, 3 months and 4 days'.

    This class models a quantity or amount of time in terms of years, months and days. See Duration for the time-based equivalent to this class.

    Durations and periods differ in their treatment of daylight savings time when added to ZonedDateTime. A Duration will add an exact number of seconds, thus a duration of one day is always exactly 24 hours. By contrast, a Period will add a conceptual day, trying to maintain the local time.

    For example, consider adding a period of one day and a duration of one day to 18:00 on the evening before a daylight savings gap. The Period will add the conceptual day and result in a ZonedDateTime at 18:00 the following day. By contrast, the Duration will add exactly 24 hours, resulting in a ZonedDateTime at 19:00 the following day (assuming a one hour DST gap).

    The supported units of a period are YEARS, MONTHS and DAYS. All three fields are always present, but may be set to zero.

    The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today in most of the world. It is equivalent to the proleptic Gregorian calendar system, in which today's rules for leap years are applied for all time.

    The period is modeled as a directed amount of time, meaning that individual parts of the period may be negative.

    This is a value-based class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality (==), identity hash code, or synchronization) on instances of Period may have unpredictable results and should be avoided. The equals method should be used for comparisons.

    Implementation Requirements:
    This class is immutable and thread-safe.
    Since:
    1.8
    See Also:
    Serialized Form

    • Field Summary

      Fields 
      Modifier and Type Field Description
      static Period ZERO
      A constant for a period of zero.

    • Method Summary

      All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods 
      Modifier and Type Method Description
      Temporal addTo​(Temporal temporal)
      Adds this period to the specified temporal object.
      static Period between​(LocalDate startDateInclusive, LocalDate endDateExclusive)
      Obtains a Period consisting of the number of years, months, and days between two dates.
      boolean equals​(Object obj)
      Checks if this period is equal to another period.
      static Period from​(TemporalAmount amount)
      Obtains an instance of Period from a temporal amount.
      long get​(TemporalUnit unit)
      Gets the value of the requested unit.
      IsoChronology getChronology​()
      Gets the chronology of this period, which is the ISO calendar system.
      int getDays​()
      Gets the amount of days of this period.
      int getMonths​()
      Gets the amount of months of this period.
      List<TemporalUnit> getUnits​()
      Gets the set of units supported by this period.
      int getYears​()
      Gets the amount of years of this period.
      int hashCode​()
      A hash code for this period.
      boolean isNegative​()
      Checks if any of the three units of this period are negative.
      boolean isZero​()
      Checks if all three units of this period are zero.
      Period minus​(TemporalAmount amountToSubtract)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified period subtracted.
      Period minusDays​(long daysToSubtract)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified days subtracted.
      Period minusMonths​(long monthsToSubtract)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified months subtracted.
      Period minusYears​(long yearsToSubtract)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified years subtracted.
      Period multipliedBy​(int scalar)
      Returns a new instance with each element in this period multiplied by the specified scalar.
      Period negated​()
      Returns a new instance with each amount in this period negated.
      Period normalized​()
      Returns a copy of this period with the years and months normalized.
      static Period of​(int years, int months, int days)
      Obtains a Period representing a number of years, months and days.
      static Period ofDays​(int days)
      Obtains a Period representing a number of days.
      static Period ofMonths​(int months)
      Obtains a Period representing a number of months.
      static Period ofWeeks​(int weeks)
      Obtains a Period representing a number of weeks.
      static Period ofYears​(int years)
      Obtains a Period representing a number of years.
      static Period parse​(CharSequence text)
      Obtains a Period from a text string such as PnYnMnD.
      Period plus​(TemporalAmount amountToAdd)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified period added.
      Period plusDays​(long daysToAdd)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified days added.
      Period plusMonths​(long monthsToAdd)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified months added.
      Period plusYears​(long yearsToAdd)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified years added.
      Temporal subtractFrom​(Temporal temporal)
      Subtracts this period from the specified temporal object.
      String toString​()
      Outputs this period as a String, such as P6Y3M1D.
      long toTotalMonths​()
      Gets the total number of months in this period.
      Period withDays​(int days)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of days.
      Period withMonths​(int months)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of months.
      Period withYears​(int years)
      Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of years.

    • Field Detail

      • ZERO

        public static final Period ZERO
        A constant for a period of zero.

    • Method Detail

      • ofYears

        public static Period ofYears​(int years)
        Obtains a Period representing a number of years.

        The resulting period will have the specified years. The months and days units will be zero.

        Parameters:
        years - the number of years, positive or negative
        Returns:
        the period of years, not null

      • ofMonths

        public static Period ofMonths​(int months)
        Obtains a Period representing a number of months.

        The resulting period will have the specified months. The years and days units will be zero.

        Parameters:
        months - the number of months, positive or negative
        Returns:
        the period of months, not null

      • ofWeeks

        public static Period ofWeeks​(int weeks)
        Obtains a Period representing a number of weeks.

        The resulting period will be day-based, with the amount of days equal to the number of weeks multiplied by 7. The years and months units will be zero.

        Parameters:
        weeks - the number of weeks, positive or negative
        Returns:
        the period, with the input weeks converted to days, not null

      • ofDays

        public static Period ofDays​(int days)
        Obtains a Period representing a number of days.

        The resulting period will have the specified days. The years and months units will be zero.

        Parameters:
        days - the number of days, positive or negative
        Returns:
        the period of days, not null

      • of

        public static Period of​(int years,
                        int months,
                        int days)
        Obtains a Period representing a number of years, months and days.

        This creates an instance based on years, months and days.

        Parameters:
        years - the amount of years, may be negative
        months - the amount of months, may be negative
        days - the amount of days, may be negative
        Returns:
        the period of years, months and days, not null

      • from

        public static Period from​(TemporalAmount amount)
        Obtains an instance of Period from a temporal amount.

        This obtains a period based on the specified amount. A TemporalAmount represents an amount of time, which may be date-based or time-based, which this factory extracts to a Period.

        The conversion loops around the set of units from the amount and uses the YEARS, MONTHS and DAYS units to create a period. If any other units are found then an exception is thrown.

        If the amount is a ChronoPeriod then it must use the ISO chronology.

        Parameters:
        amount - the temporal amount to convert, not null
        Returns:
        the equivalent period, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeException - if unable to convert to a Period
        ArithmeticException - if the amount of years, months or days exceeds an int

      • parse

        public static Period parse​(CharSequence text)
        Obtains a Period from a text string such as PnYnMnD.

        This will parse the string produced by toString() which is based on the ISO-8601 period formats PnYnMnD and PnW.

        The string starts with an optional sign, denoted by the ASCII negative or positive symbol. If negative, the whole period is negated. The ASCII letter "P" is next in upper or lower case. There are then four sections, each consisting of a number and a suffix. At least one of the four sections must be present. The sections have suffixes in ASCII of "Y", "M", "W" and "D" for years, months, weeks and days, accepted in upper or lower case. The suffixes must occur in order. The number part of each section must consist of ASCII digits. The number may be prefixed by the ASCII negative or positive symbol. The number must parse to an int.

        The leading plus/minus sign, and negative values for other units are not part of the ISO-8601 standard. In addition, ISO-8601 does not permit mixing between the PnYnMnD and PnW formats. Any week-based input is multiplied by 7 and treated as a number of days.

        For example, the following are valid inputs: 

           "P2Y"             -- Period.ofYears(2)
   "P3M"             -- Period.ofMonths(3)
   "P4W"             -- Period.ofWeeks(4)
   "P5D"             -- Period.ofDays(5)
   "P1Y2M3D"         -- Period.of(1, 2, 3)
   "P1Y2M3W4D"       -- Period.of(1, 2, 25)
   "P-1Y2M"          -- Period.of(-1, 2, 0)
   "-P1Y2M"          -- Period.of(-1, -2, 0)
        Parameters:
        text - the text to parse, not null
        Returns:
        the parsed period, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeParseException - if the text cannot be parsed to a period

      • between

        public static Period between​(LocalDate startDateInclusive,
                             LocalDate endDateExclusive)
        Obtains a Period consisting of the number of years, months, and days between two dates.

        The start date is included, but the end date is not. The period is calculated by removing complete months, then calculating the remaining number of days, adjusting to ensure that both have the same sign. The number of months is then split into years and months based on a 12 month year. A month is considered if the end day-of-month is greater than or equal to the start day-of-month. For example, from 2010-01-15 to 2011-03-18 is one year, two months and three days.

        The result of this method can be a negative period if the end is before the start. The negative sign will be the same in each of year, month and day.

        Parameters:
        startDateInclusive - the start date, inclusive, not null
        endDateExclusive - the end date, exclusive, not null
        Returns:
        the period between this date and the end date, not null
        See Also:
        ChronoLocalDate.until(ChronoLocalDate)

      • getUnits

        public List<TemporalUnit> getUnits​()
        Gets the set of units supported by this period.

        The supported units are YEARS, MONTHS and DAYS. They are returned in the order years, months, days.

        This set can be used in conjunction with get(TemporalUnit) to access the entire state of the period.

        Specified by:
        getUnits in interface ChronoPeriod
        Specified by:
        getUnits in interface TemporalAmount
        Returns:
        a list containing the years, months and days units, not null

      • getChronology

        public IsoChronology getChronology​()
        Gets the chronology of this period, which is the ISO calendar system.

        The Chronology represents the calendar system in use. The ISO-8601 calendar system is the modern civil calendar system used today in most of the world. It is equivalent to the proleptic Gregorian calendar system, in which today's rules for leap years are applied for all time.

        Specified by:
        getChronology in interface ChronoPeriod
        Returns:
        the ISO chronology, not null

      • isZero

        public boolean isZero​()
        Checks if all three units of this period are zero.

        A zero period has the value zero for the years, months and days units.

        Specified by:
        isZero in interface ChronoPeriod
        Returns:
        true if this period is zero-length

      • isNegative

        public boolean isNegative​()
        Checks if any of the three units of this period are negative.

        This checks whether the years, months or days units are less than zero.

        Specified by:
        isNegative in interface ChronoPeriod
        Returns:
        true if any unit of this period is negative

      • getYears

        public int getYears​()
        Gets the amount of years of this period.

        This returns the years unit.

        The months unit is not automatically normalized with the years unit. This means that a period of "15 months" is different to a period of "1 year and 3 months".

        Returns:
        the amount of years of this period, may be negative

      • getMonths

        public int getMonths​()
        Gets the amount of months of this period.

        This returns the months unit.

        The months unit is not automatically normalized with the years unit. This means that a period of "15 months" is different to a period of "1 year and 3 months".

        Returns:
        the amount of months of this period, may be negative

      • getDays

        public int getDays​()
        Gets the amount of days of this period.

        This returns the days unit.

        Returns:
        the amount of days of this period, may be negative

      • withYears

        public Period withYears​(int years)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of years.

        This sets the amount of the years unit in a copy of this period. The months and days units are unaffected.

        The months unit is not automatically normalized with the years unit. This means that a period of "15 months" is different to a period of "1 year and 3 months".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        years - the years to represent, may be negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the requested years, not null

      • withMonths

        public Period withMonths​(int months)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of months.

        This sets the amount of the months unit in a copy of this period. The years and days units are unaffected.

        The months unit is not automatically normalized with the years unit. This means that a period of "15 months" is different to a period of "1 year and 3 months".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        months - the months to represent, may be negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the requested months, not null

      • withDays

        public Period withDays​(int days)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified amount of days.

        This sets the amount of the days unit in a copy of this period. The years and months units are unaffected.

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        days - the days to represent, may be negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the requested days, not null

      • plus

        public Period plus​(TemporalAmount amountToAdd)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified period added.

        This operates separately on the years, months and days. No normalization is performed.

        For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" plus "2 years, 2 months and 2 days" returns "3 years, 8 months and 5 days".

        The specified amount is typically an instance of Period. Other types are interpreted using from(TemporalAmount).

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Specified by:
        plus in interface ChronoPeriod
        Parameters:
        amountToAdd - the amount to add, not null
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the requested period added, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeException - if the specified amount has a non-ISO chronology or contains an invalid unit
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • plusYears

        public Period plusYears​(long yearsToAdd)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified years added.

        This adds the amount to the years unit in a copy of this period. The months and days units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" plus 2 years returns "3 years, 6 months and 3 days".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        yearsToAdd - the years to add, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified years added, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • plusMonths

        public Period plusMonths​(long monthsToAdd)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified months added.

        This adds the amount to the months unit in a copy of this period. The years and days units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" plus 2 months returns "1 year, 8 months and 3 days".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        monthsToAdd - the months to add, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified months added, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • plusDays

        public Period plusDays​(long daysToAdd)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified days added.

        This adds the amount to the days unit in a copy of this period. The years and months units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" plus 2 days returns "1 year, 6 months and 5 days".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        daysToAdd - the days to add, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified days added, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • minus

        public Period minus​(TemporalAmount amountToSubtract)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified period subtracted.

        This operates separately on the years, months and days. No normalization is performed.

        For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" minus "2 years, 2 months and 2 days" returns "-1 years, 4 months and 1 day".

        The specified amount is typically an instance of Period. Other types are interpreted using from(TemporalAmount).

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Specified by:
        minus in interface ChronoPeriod
        Parameters:
        amountToSubtract - the amount to subtract, not null
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the requested period subtracted, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeException - if the specified amount has a non-ISO chronology or contains an invalid unit
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • minusYears

        public Period minusYears​(long yearsToSubtract)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified years subtracted.

        This subtracts the amount from the years unit in a copy of this period. The months and days units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" minus 2 years returns "-1 years, 6 months and 3 days".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        yearsToSubtract - the years to subtract, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified years subtracted, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • minusMonths

        public Period minusMonths​(long monthsToSubtract)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified months subtracted.

        This subtracts the amount from the months unit in a copy of this period. The years and days units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" minus 2 months returns "1 year, 4 months and 3 days".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        monthsToSubtract - the years to subtract, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified months subtracted, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • minusDays

        public Period minusDays​(long daysToSubtract)
        Returns a copy of this period with the specified days subtracted.

        This subtracts the amount from the days unit in a copy of this period. The years and months units are unaffected. For example, "1 year, 6 months and 3 days" minus 2 days returns "1 year, 6 months and 1 day".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Parameters:
        daysToSubtract - the months to subtract, positive or negative
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the specified days subtracted, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • multipliedBy

        public Period multipliedBy​(int scalar)
        Returns a new instance with each element in this period multiplied by the specified scalar.

        This returns a period with each of the years, months and days units individually multiplied. For example, a period of "2 years, -3 months and 4 days" multiplied by 3 will return "6 years, -9 months and 12 days". No normalization is performed.

        Specified by:
        multipliedBy in interface ChronoPeriod
        Parameters:
        scalar - the scalar to multiply by, not null
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the amounts multiplied by the scalar, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • negated

        public Period negated​()
        Returns a new instance with each amount in this period negated.

        This returns a period with each of the years, months and days units individually negated. For example, a period of "2 years, -3 months and 4 days" will be negated to "-2 years, 3 months and -4 days". No normalization is performed.

        Specified by:
        negated in interface ChronoPeriod
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with the amounts negated, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs, which only happens if one of the units has the value Long.MIN_VALUE

      • normalized

        public Period normalized​()
        Returns a copy of this period with the years and months normalized.

        This normalizes the years and months units, leaving the days unit unchanged. The months unit is adjusted to have an absolute value less than 12, with the years unit being adjusted to compensate. For example, a period of "1 Year and 15 months" will be normalized to "2 years and 3 months".

        The sign of the years and months units will be the same after normalization. For example, a period of "1 year and -25 months" will be normalized to "-1 year and -1 month".

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Specified by:
        normalized in interface ChronoPeriod
        Returns:
        a Period based on this period with excess months normalized to years, not null
        Throws:
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • toTotalMonths

        public long toTotalMonths​()
        Gets the total number of months in this period.

        This returns the total number of months in the period by multiplying the number of years by 12 and adding the number of months.

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Returns:
        the total number of months in the period, may be negative

      • addTo

        public Temporal addTo​(Temporal temporal)
        Adds this period to the specified temporal object.

        This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input with this period added. If the temporal has a chronology, it must be the ISO chronology.

        In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using Temporal.plus(TemporalAmount). 

           // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
   dateTime = thisPeriod.addTo(dateTime);
   dateTime = dateTime.plus(thisPeriod);

        The calculation operates as follows. First, the chronology of the temporal is checked to ensure it is ISO chronology or null. Second, if the months are zero, the years are added if non-zero, otherwise the combination of years and months is added if non-zero. Finally, any days are added.

        This approach ensures that a partial period can be added to a partial date. For example, a period of years and/or months can be added to a YearMonth, but a period including days cannot. The approach also adds years and months together when necessary, which ensures correct behaviour at the end of the month.

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Specified by:
        addTo in interface ChronoPeriod
        Specified by:
        addTo in interface TemporalAmount
        Parameters:
        temporal - the temporal object to adjust, not null
        Returns:
        an object of the same type with the adjustment made, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeException - if unable to add
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • subtractFrom

        public Temporal subtractFrom​(Temporal temporal)
        Subtracts this period from the specified temporal object.

        This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input with this period subtracted. If the temporal has a chronology, it must be the ISO chronology.

        In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using Temporal.minus(TemporalAmount). 

           // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
   dateTime = thisPeriod.subtractFrom(dateTime);
   dateTime = dateTime.minus(thisPeriod);

        The calculation operates as follows. First, the chronology of the temporal is checked to ensure it is ISO chronology or null. Second, if the months are zero, the years are subtracted if non-zero, otherwise the combination of years and months is subtracted if non-zero. Finally, any days are subtracted.

        This approach ensures that a partial period can be subtracted from a partial date. For example, a period of years and/or months can be subtracted from a YearMonth, but a period including days cannot. The approach also subtracts years and months together when necessary, which ensures correct behaviour at the end of the month.

        This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.

        Specified by:
        subtractFrom in interface ChronoPeriod
        Specified by:
        subtractFrom in interface TemporalAmount
        Parameters:
        temporal - the temporal object to adjust, not null
        Returns:
        an object of the same type with the adjustment made, not null
        Throws:
        DateTimeException - if unable to subtract
        ArithmeticException - if numeric overflow occurs

      • equals

        public boolean equals​(Object obj)
        Checks if this period is equal to another period.

        The comparison is based on the type Period and each of the three amounts. To be equal, the years, months and days units must be individually equal. Note that this means that a period of "15 Months" is not equal to a period of "1 Year and 3 Months".

        Specified by:
        equals in interface ChronoPeriod
        Overrides:
        equals in class Object
        Parameters:
        obj - the object to check, null returns false
        Returns:
        true if this is equal to the other period
        See Also:
        Object.hashCode(), HashMap

      • toString

        public String toString​()
        Outputs this period as a String, such as P6Y3M1D.

        The output will be in the ISO-8601 period format. A zero period will be represented as zero days, 'P0D'.

        Specified by:
        toString in interface ChronoPeriod
        Overrides:
        toString in class Object
        Returns:
        a string representation of this period, not null