Module java.base
Package java.lang.ref

Class Reference<T>

  • Direct Known Subclasses:
    PhantomReference, SoftReference, WeakReference

    public abstract class Reference<T>
extends Object
    Abstract base class for reference objects. This class defines the operations common to all reference objects. Because reference objects are implemented in close cooperation with the garbage collector, this class may not be subclassed directly.
    Since:
    1.2

    • Method Summary

      All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods 
      Modifier and Type Method Description
      void clear​()
      Clears this reference object.
      boolean enqueue​()
      Clears this reference object and adds it to the queue with which it is registered, if any.
      T get​()
      Returns this reference object's referent.
      boolean isEnqueued​()
      Tells whether or not this reference object has been enqueued, either by the program or by the garbage collector.
      static void reachabilityFence​(Object ref)
      Ensures that the object referenced by the given reference remains strongly reachable, regardless of any prior actions of the program that might otherwise cause the object to become unreachable; thus, the referenced object is not reclaimable by garbage collection at least until after the invocation of this method.

    • Method Detail

      • get

        public T get​()
        Returns this reference object's referent. If this reference object has been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then this method returns null.
        Returns:
        The object to which this reference refers, or null if this reference object has been cleared

      • clear

        public void clear​()
        Clears this reference object. Invoking this method will not cause this object to be enqueued.

        This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector clears references it does so directly, without invoking this method.

      • isEnqueued

        public boolean isEnqueued​()
        Tells whether or not this reference object has been enqueued, either by the program or by the garbage collector. If this reference object was not registered with a queue when it was created, then this method will always return false.
        Returns:
        true if and only if this reference object has been enqueued

      • enqueue

        public boolean enqueue​()
        Clears this reference object and adds it to the queue with which it is registered, if any.

        This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector enqueues references it does so directly, without invoking this method.

        Returns:
        true if this reference object was successfully enqueued; false if it was already enqueued or if it was not registered with a queue when it was created

      • reachabilityFence

        public static void reachabilityFence​(Object ref)
        Ensures that the object referenced by the given reference remains strongly reachable, regardless of any prior actions of the program that might otherwise cause the object to become unreachable; thus, the referenced object is not reclaimable by garbage collection at least until after the invocation of this method. Invocation of this method does not itself initiate garbage collection or finalization.

        This method establishes an ordering for strong reachability with respect to garbage collection. It controls relations that are otherwise only implicit in a program -- the reachability conditions triggering garbage collection. This method is designed for use in uncommon situations of premature finalization where using synchronized blocks or methods, or using other synchronization facilities are not possible or do not provide the desired control. This method is applicable only when reclamation may have visible effects, which is possible for objects with finalizers (See Section 12.6 17 of The Java™ Language Specification) that are implemented in ways that rely on ordering control for correctness.

        API Note:
        Finalization may occur whenever the virtual machine detects that no reference to an object will ever be stored in the heap: The garbage collector may reclaim an object even if the fields of that object are still in use, so long as the object has otherwise become unreachable. This may have surprising and undesirable effects in cases such as the following example in which the bookkeeping associated with a class is managed through array indices. Here, method action uses a reachabilityFence to ensure that the Resource object is not reclaimed before bookkeeping on an associated ExternalResource has been performed; in particular here, to ensure that the array slot holding the ExternalResource is not nulled out in method Object.finalize(), which may otherwise run concurrently. 
         
 class Resource {
   private static ExternalResource[] externalResourceArray = ...

   int myIndex;
   Resource(...) {
     myIndex = ...
     externalResourceArray[myIndex] = ...;
     ...
   }
   protected void finalize() {
     externalResourceArray[myIndex] = null;
     ...
   }
   public void action() {
     try {
       // ...
       int i = myIndex;
       Resource.update(externalResourceArray[i]);
     } finally {
       Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
     }
   }
   private static void update(ExternalResource ext) {
     ext.status = ...;
   }
 }
        Here, the invocation of reachabilityFence is nonintuitively placed after the call to update, to ensure that the array slot is not nulled out by Object.finalize() before the update, even if the call to action was the last use of this object. This might be the case if, for example a usage in a user program had the form new Resource().action(); which retains no other reference to this Resource. While probably overkill here, reachabilityFence is placed in a finally block to ensure that it is invoked across all paths in the method. In a method with more complex control paths, you might need further precautions to ensure that reachabilityFence is encountered along all of them.

        It is sometimes possible to better encapsulate use of reachabilityFence. Continuing the above example, if it were acceptable for the call to method update to proceed even if the finalizer had already executed (nulling out slot), then you could localize use of reachabilityFence: 

         
 public void action2() {
   // ...
   Resource.update(getExternalResource());
 }
 private ExternalResource getExternalResource() {
   ExternalResource ext = externalResourceArray[myIndex];
   Reference.reachabilityFence(this);
   return ext;
 }

        Method reachabilityFence is not required in constructions that themselves ensure reachability. For example, because objects that are locked cannot, in general, be reclaimed, it would suffice if all accesses of the object, in all methods of class Resource (including finalize) were enclosed in synchronized (this) blocks. (Further, such blocks must not include infinite loops, or themselves be unreachable, which fall into the corner case exceptions to the "in general" disclaimer.) However, method reachabilityFence remains a better option in cases where this approach is not as efficient, desirable, or possible; for example because it would encounter deadlock.

        Parameters:
        ref - the reference. If null, this method has no effect.
        Since:
        9